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Final Exam 1A

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* There are 28 bonus questions that are written in bold print. These questions do not count against you if you get them wrong however they are worth 1/2 a point if you get them right!

Modified True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.If the answer is false replace the underlined to make the statement true.
Word Bank for answers you find false (not all are right)
rotation               ice            spring            opposite      shuttles                  the same as
gaseous      seven           outer            fewer            longer            expanding      light-years      order        two         different      small           fall      space            stars             lava              generations
 

1. 
Day and night are caused by Earth’s revolution on its axis.

 

2. 
The beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere is marked by the vernal equinox.

 

3. 
The phases of the moon depend on how much of the lighted side of the moon can be seen from Earth.

 

4. 
A solar eclipse occurs when the moon moves directly between the sun and Earth.

 

5. 
A tide with the greatest distance between low and high tides is called a neap tide.

 

6. 
Gases expelled from the rear of a rocket push the rocket in the same direction as the gases.

 

7. 
Astronauts and equipment are launched into space mainly by space stations.

 

8. 
Maria are low areas, once flooded with lava, on the moon’s surface.

 

9. 
Scientists learned much about the moon by studying rocks brought back by astronauts.

 

10. 
The moon’s average density is greater than the density of Earth’s outer layers.

 

11. 
Earth is at the center of the solar system in the geocentric model.

 

12. 
The surfaces of the largest planets are solid.

 

13. 
The part of the sun that can be seen in a photograph is the photosphere.

 

14. 
Europa’s surface is made of liquid water.

 

15. 
The four inner planets are gas giants.

 

16. 
The inner planets are large and have rocky surfaces.

 

17. 
Pluto has more moons than any other outer planet.

 

18. 
Radio waves are shorter than waves of visible light.

 

19. 
A reflecting telescope uses a mirror to focus light onto a small area.

 

20. 
Most galaxies are moving away from each other, which means the universe is contracting.

 

21. 
Astronomers measure distances to stars in units called kilometers.

 

22. 
Stars with less mass will last longer than stars with more mass.

 

23. 
A hybrid is the offspring of parents that have different alleles for a trait.

 

24. 
An organism’s physical appearance is its phenotype.

 

25. 
Chromosomes carry genes from parents to offspring.

 

26. 
The number of DNA bases forms a genetic code.

 

27. 
A mutation in a sex cell can be passed to offspring.

 

28. 
Even if a gene has multiple alleles, a person cannot have more than three of those alleles.

 

29. 
Sex-linked traits that are controlled by recessive alleles are more likely to show up in males.

 

30. 
A male is represented by a square in a pedigree.

 

31. 
A doctor can look at the chromosomes of a cell in a karyotype.

 

32. 
The technique called cloning produces an organism that is genetically identical to its parent.

 

33. 
Except for identical twins, all people have the same DNA.

 

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

34. 
Day and night are caused by
a.
Earth’s rotation on its axis.
b.
eclipses.
c.
Roosters
d.
cheese
 

35. 
Earth has seasons because
a.
Earth rotates on its axis.
b.
crayons
c.
Earth’s axis is tilted as it moves around the sun.
d.
the temperature of the sun changes.
 

36. 
The phase of the moon you see depends on
a.
your size.
b.
how much of the sunlit side of the moon faces Earth.
c.
how much of the moon’s surface is lit by the sun.
d.
whether or not an eclipse is occurring.
 

37. 
For a solar eclipse to occur,
a.
the sun must be directly between Earth and the moon.
b.
the moon must be directly between Earth and the sun.
c.
the moon must be directly behind Earth.
d.
close your eyes and count to ten.
 

38. 
Tides are caused mainly by
a.
Earth’s rotation on its axis, which causes water to move.
b.
differences in how much the sun pulls on different parts of Earth.
c.
strong winds blowing water onto coasts.
d.
differences in how much the moon pulls on different parts of Earth.
 

39. 
It’s a basic law of physics that for every force, or action, there is
a.
a decreased force, or reaction.
b.
an equal force in the same direction.
c.
an increased force, or reaction.
d.
an equal and opposite force, or reaction.
 

40. 
One major use of space stations is
a.
to launch trips to the moon.
b.
to obtain better photographs of Earth.
c.
to conduct scientific research.
d.
to monitor the activities of other satellites.
 

41. 
How large is the moon compared to Earth?
a.
about the same diameter as Earth
b.
about one half the diameter of Earth
c.
about one fourth the diameter of Earth
d.
about one eighth the diameter of Earth
 

42. 
Galileo saw that much of the moon’s surface is covered with round pits called
a.
highlands.
b.
seas.
c.
craters.
d.
maria.
 

43. 
Much of what scientists know about the moon has come from
a.
revolving around the moon.
b.
studying the moon through telescopes.
c.
Forest Gump's mother.
d.
studying moon rocks gathered by astronauts.
 

44. 
Earth’s rotation takes about
a.
365 days.
b.
pi
c.
24 hours.
d.
1 month.
 

45. 
One of the main uses of satellites is
a.
exploring uranus.
b.
controlling the weather.
c.
photographing Earth’s surface.
d.
preventing ozone depletion.
 

46. 
An equinox occurs when
a.
neither end of Earth’s axis is tilted toward or away from the sun.
b.
the north end of Earth’s axis is tilted away from the sun.
c.
the north end of Earth’s axis is tilted toward the sun.
d.
Earth’s axis is parallel to the sun’s rays.
 

47. 
Rocket propulsion is based on
a.
having a streamlined nose cone.
b.
having a three-stage booster system.
c.
hot gas being propelled out of the rocket.
d.
pixie dust
 

48. 
Photographs of the far side of the moon show that
a.
the far side is much rougher than the near side.
b.
there is water on the far side.
c.
the far side has active volcanoes.
d.
the far side has a smooth surface.
 

49. 
The model in which Earth is at the center of the system of planets is called the
a.
solar system.
b.
heliocentric system.
c.
geocentric system.
d.
Copernican system.
 

50. 
The two factors that combine to keep the planets in orbit are
a.
gravity and orbital speed.
b.
orbital speed and mass.
c.
mass and inertia.
d.
gravity and inertia.
 

51. 
There is enough fuel remaining in the sun to last for another
a.
1 billion years.
b.
5 billion years.
c.
10 billion years.
d.
15 billion years.
 

52. 
What layer are you looking at when you look at a photograph of the sun?
a.
photosphere
b.
chromosphere
c.
corona
d.
prominence
 

53. 
When compared to the gases around them on the sun, sunspots are
a.
hotter.
b.
the same temperature.
c.
cooler.
d.
brighter.
 

54. 
What do all of the inner planets have in common?
a.
They have the same period of revolution.
b.
They have the same period of rotation.
c.
They have the same diameter.
d.
They are small and have rocky surfaces.
 

55. 
What do the first four outer planets have in common?
a.
They are much larger than Earth and are made mainly of gases.
b.
They are about the same size as Earth and are made mainly of gases.
c.
They are much larger than Earth and are solid.
d.
They are about the same size as Earth and are solid.
 

56. 
Pluto is different from the other outer planets because it
a.
is almost entirely made of gases.
b.
is much larger than the others.
c.
has the most moons.
d.
is small and has a solid surface.
 

57. 
The asteroid belt is located
a.
holding up your pants.
b.
between Mars and Jupiter.
c.
between Jupiter and Saturn.
d.
between Saturn and Uranus.
 

58. 
Meteoroids usually come from
a.
debris from other planets.
b.
solar winds.
c.
beyond the solar system.
d.
comets or asteroids.
 

59. 
Conditions required for life on Earth include
a.
alternating day and night cycles.
b.
chocolate ice cream
c.
polar ice caps.
d.
liquid water.
 

60. 
The hypothesis that Mars may once have had the conditions needed to support life is based on
a.
its similar size to Earth.
b.
its reddish surface.
c.
surface patterns that look like dried stream beds.
d.
the system of canals seen by Schiaparelli.
 

61. 
Copernicus explained that
a.
the sun is at the center of the system of planets.
b.
the sun and the planets revolve around Earth.
c.
the geocentric system is correct.
d.
there are only six planets.
 

62. 
Earth is unique among the planets because of
a.
its rocky surface.
b.
its oceans.
c.
Tracy Aforismo lives there.
d.
the direction in which it rotates.
 

63. 
Saturn’s rings are made up mostly of
a.
nitrogen and helium.
b.
ice and water vapor.
c.
volcanic dust particles.
d.
chunks of ice and rock.
 

64. 
A range of colors formed when white light passes through a prism is called a
a.
lens.
b.
photograph.
c.
spectrum.
d.
ray.
 

65. 
Both reflecting and refracting telescopes are designed to
a.
break visible light into colors of the spectrum.
b.
separate visible light from ultraviolet and radio waves.
c.
gather and focus visible light.
d.
work better with short-wavelength radiation.
 

66. 
The chemical composition of a star can be determined using a(n)
a.
refracting telescope.
b.
spectrograph.
c.
satellite.
d.
reflecting telescope.
 

67. 
A light-year is
a.
365 days.
b.
the distance light travels in a year.
c.
the distance from Earth to Proxima Centauri.
d.
the amount of light the sun produces in a year.
 

68. 
What color are the hottest stars?
a.
blue-white
b.
yellow
c.
red
d.
orange
 

69. 
All stars begin their lives as parts of
a.
nebulas.
b.
protostars.
c.
pulsars.
d.
double stars.
 

70. 
The lifetime of a star depends on its
a.
temperature.
b.
brightness.
c.
mass.
d.
magnitude.
 

71. 
A supernova is the explosion of a dying
a.
medium-sized star.
b.
giant or supergiant star.
c.
protostar.
d.
nebula.
 

72. 
More than half of all stars are members of groups of two or more stars called
a.
galaxies.
b.
eclipsing binaries.
c.
star systems.
d.
star clusters.
 

73. 
The Milky Way Galaxy is a type of
a.
spiral galaxy.
b.
cloud galaxy.
c.
elliptical galaxy.
d.
irregular galaxy.
 

74. 
The theory that astronomers have developed to describe the formation of the universe is called the
a.
expanding cloud theory.
b.
time warp theory.
c.
galactic expansion theory.
d.
big bang theory.
 

75. 
The solar system formed from
a.
an expanding galaxy.
b.
a giant cloud of gas and dust.
c.
an enormous explosion.
d.
a black hole.
 

76. 
Scientists think that our universe is approximately
a.
1 to 5 million years old.
b.
1 to 2 billion years old.
c.
10 to 15 billion years old.
d.
100 to 200 billion years old.
 

77. 
The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram shows that main sequence stars
a.
are mostly hot and dim.
b.
are mostly cool and bright.
c.
increase in brightness as they increase in temperature.
d.
decrease in brightness as they increase in temperature.
 

78. 
The force that tends to pull together the matter in stars is
a.
gravity.
b.
nuclear fusion.
c.
expansion.
d.
nuclear fission.
 

79. 
What did Gregor Mendel do to study different characteristics in his genetics experiments?
a.
He studied only asexual animals.
b.
He studied only self-pollinating plants.
c.
He cross-pollinated plants.
d.
He cross-pollinated animals.
 

80. 
Factors that control traits are called
a.
genes.
b.
purebreds.
c.
recessives.
d.
parents.
 

81. 
What does the notation TT mean to geneticists?
a.
two dominant alleles
b.
two recessive alleles
c.
at least one dominant allele
d.
one dominant and one recessive allelle
 

82. 
What is probability?
a.
the actual results from a series of events
b.
the likelihood that a particular event will occur
c.
the way the results of one event affect the next event
d.
the number of times a coin lands heads up
 

83. 
What does a Punnett square show?
a.
all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross
b.
only the dominant alleles in a genetic cross
c.
only the recessive alleles in a genetic cross
d.
all of Mendel’s discoveries about genetic crosses
 

84. 
An organism’s physical appearance is its
a.
genotype.
b.
phenotype.
c.
codominance.
d.
heterozygous.
 

85. 
What is the chromosome theory of inheritance?
a.
Chromosomes are carried from parents to offspring on hybrids.
b.
Genes are carried from parents to offspring on chromosomes.
c.
Hybrid pairs of chromosomes combine to form offspring.
d.
Codominant genes combine to form new hybrids.
 

86. 
When sex cells combine to produce offspring, each sex cell will contribute
a.
one fourth of the normal number of chromosomes.
b.
half the normal number of chromosomes.
c.
the normal number of chromosomes.
d.
twice the normal number of chromosomes.
 

87. 
What is the genetic code?
a.
the order of nitrogen bases along a gene
b.
the number of nitrogen bases in a DNA molecule
c.
the order of amino acids in a protein
d.
the number of guanine and cytosine bases in a chromosome
 

88. 
What does messenger RNA do during protein synthesis?
a.
copies the coded message from the DNA and carries it into the cytoplasm
b.
copies the coded message from the DNA and carries it into the nucleus
c.
carries amino acids and adds them to the growing protein
d.
copies the coded message from the protein and carries it into the nucleus
 

89. 
A mutation is harmful to an organism if it
a.
changes the DNA of the organism.
b.
changes the phenotype of the organism.
c.
reduces the organism’s chances for survival and reproduction.
d.
makes the organism better able to avoid predators.
 

90. 
Which term refers to physical characteristics that are studied in genetics?
a.
traits
b.
offspring
c.
generations
d.
hybrids
 

91. 
The different forms of a gene are called
a.
alleles.
b.
factors.
c.
masks.
d.
traits.
 

92. 
What does the notation tt mean to geneticists?
a.
two dominant alleles
b.
two recessive alleles
c.
at least one dominant allele
d.
one dominant and one recessive allelle
 

93. 
An organism’s genotype is its
a.
genetic makeup
b.
feather color
c.
physical appearance
d.
stem height
 

94. 
What are multiple alleles?
a.
more than two genes that control a trait
b.
three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait
c.
three or more chromosomes that determine a trait
d.
more than two codominant genes in a chromosome
 

95. 
Why does height in humans have such a wide variety of phenotypes?
a.
Height is controlled by at least four genes.
b.
The gene for height has only two alleles.
c.
Height is controlled by sex-linked genes.
d.
Height is controlled by a recessive allele.
 

96. 
Which of these human traits is altered by variations in environment?
a.
hairline
b.
height
c.
smile dimples
d.
blood type
 

97. 
Which combination of sex chromosomes results in a male human being?
a.
XX
b.
YY
c.
XY
d.
either XX or YY
 

98. 
What is a pedigree?
a.
a chart that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait
b.
a geneticist who studies the inheritance of traits in humans
c.
a picture of all of the chromosomes in a cell
d.
an allele passed from parent to child on a sex chromosome
 

99. 
Genetic disorders are caused by
a.
pedigrees.
b.
mutations.
c.
dominant alleles.
d.
sickle-shaped cells.
 

100. 
What is a karyotype?
a.
blood from a newborn baby
b.
a picture of a baby before it is born
c.
a picture of the chromosomes in a cell
d.
fluid that surrounds a baby before it is born
 

101. 
Cloning results in two organisms that are
a.
both adult mammals.
b.
produced from cuttings.
c.
genetically similar.
d.
genetically identical.
 

102. 
No two people have the same DNA, except for
a.
crime suspects.
b.
brothers.
c.
sisters.
d.
identical twins.
 

103. 
What is a genome?
a.
all the cells produced during meiosis
b.
all the plasmids from splicing DNA in a cell
c.
all the DNA in one cell of an organism
d.
all the karyotypes in a cell
 

104. 
Sex-linked genes are genes on
a.
the X chromosome only.
b.
the Y chromosome only.
c.
the X and Y chromosomes.
d.
all 23 pairs of chromosomes.
 

105. 
Which form of selective breeding crosses genetically different individuals in an attempt to keep the best traits of both parents?
a.
genetic engineering
b.
inbreeding
c.
hybridization
d.
cloning
 

106. 
Which form of selective breeding crosses parents with the same or similar sets of alleles?
a.
fertilization
b.
inbreeding
c.
hybridization
d.
cloning
 

Completion
Complete each sentence or statement. Some words might be used more than once and some not at all.

Word Bank (not all are correct)
chromosomes              Punnett square              rotation      mercury       gravity            meteorite      equinoxes      neap            irregular             probability             homozygous             
amino acids                  environment                  alleles                 codominance            Transfer           pedigree                hemophilia                 chromosome               inbreeding                 two    new moon            hydrogen            gravity               purebred              full moon            radio            24            Pluto            ellipse                  visible      umbra            spectrograph            tilt              gene  chromosphere            sunlight            waning gibbous          10 to 15 billion             sun                 nebula                  d              amniocentesis                 hybridization               DNA
 

107. 
The sun and moon seem to move mainly because of the ____________________ of Earth on its axis.
 

 

108. 
Seasons on Earth are caused by the ____________________ of Earth’s axis as Earth revolves around the sun.
 

 

109. 
The times that day and night are of equal length are called ____________________.
 

 

110. 
The lighted half of the moon faces away from Earth during the ____________________ phase.
 

 

111. 
The moon can be seen from Earth because ____________________ reflects off the moon.
 

 

112. 
A lunar eclipse can only occur during the ____________________ phase.
 

 

113. 
The darkest part of the moon’s shadow is called the ____________________.
 

 

114. 
Tides are caused by the force of ____________________ from the sun and moon acting on Earth’s waters.
 

 

115. 
A tide with the least distance between low and high tides is called a ____________________ tide.
 

 

116. 
Earth rotates on its axis about once every ____________________ hours.
 

 

117. 
The force that pulls the moon toward Earth is called ____________________.
 

 

118. 
The middle layer of the sun’s atmosphere is the ____________________.
 

 

119. 
The planets that are closer to the sun than Earth are Venus and ____________________.
 

 

120. 
The only outer planet with a solid surface is ____________________.
 

 

121. 
A meteoroid that hits Earth’s surface is called a ____________________.
 

 

122. 
Kepler discovered that Mars’ orbit is a(n) ____________________.
 

 

123. 
The atmospheres of the gas giants are composed mainly of ____________________.
 

 

124. 
The type of light humans can see is ____________________ light.
 

 

125. 
A device that detects radio waves from objects in space is called a(n) ____________________ telescope.
 

 

126. 
Astronomers can determine the temperature of a star by using an instrument called a(n) ____________________.
 

 

127. 
A galaxy that does not have a regular shape is classified as a(n) ____________________ galaxy.
 

 

128. 
According to the big bang theory, the universe formed about ____________________ years ago.
 

 

129. 
The first object to form in our solar system when a nebula collapsed was the ____________________.
 

 

130. 
All stars begin as part of a large amount of gas and dust called a(n) ____________________.
 

 

131. 
The offspring of a ____________________ plant will always have the same alleles for a trait as the parent.
 

 

132. 
In pea plants, the tall-stem allele and the short-stem allele are different forms of the same ____________________.
 

 

133. 
If D represents the dominant allele of a gene, then ____________________ represents the recessive allele.
 

 

134. 
Mendel used the principles of ____________________ to predict what percent of offspring would show a particular trait.
 

 

135. 
A chart used to predict results of genetic crosses is known as a(n) ____________________.
 

 

136. 
An organism that has two dominant or two recessive alleles is said to be ____________________ for that trait.
 

 

137. 
Alleles that are neither dominant nor recessive produce an inheritance pattern known as ____________________.
 

 

138. 
Genes are located on structures called ____________________.
 

 

139. 
Sets of three bases code for the production of ____________________ that make up proteins.
 

 

140. 
____________________ RNA adds amino acids to a growing protein.
 

 

141. 
Various combinations of ____________________ at each of several genes control human skin color.
 

 

142. 
A person’s surroundings, or ____________________, can change the effects of a person’s genes.
 

 

143. 
A(n) ____________________ is a used to track the occurrence of a trait in a family.
 

 

144. 
A person who has the genetic disorder called ____________________ bleeds easily.
 

 

145. 
Down’s syndrome is caused by the presence of an extra ____________________.
 

 

146. 
A doctor performs a procedure called ____________________ to get cells from the fluid that surrounds a developing baby.
 

 

147. 
Breeders use a technique called ____________________ to cross genetically different individuals.
 

 

148. 
Scientists in the Human Genome Project are working to identify the ____________________ sequence of every human gene.
 

 

149. 
A selective breeding technique called ____________________ is used to breed purebred dogs.
 

 

150. 
A gene is said to have multiple alleles if it has more than ____________________ alleles.
 

 



 
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